Introduction
Ganglion cysts are prevalent formations that can occur on the top or bottom of the foot. Although these cysts are benign and non-cancerous, they may lead to discomfort. When ganglion cysts become painful or hinder walking, initial treatment typically involves non-surgical methods. If these methods are ineffective, surgical removal may be necessary.
Anatomy
The foot comprises numerous bones interconnected by ligaments—strong tissues that provide support and enable movement. The ligaments are covered by a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid, a thick substance that acts as a lubricant and cushion for the joints in the foot.
Ganglion cysts develop from areas filled with fluid on the ligaments or between bones. These cysts are sac-like structures containing fluid that, while harmless, can thicken over time, making the cyst feel firm and spongy. Although they can grow quite large, ganglion cysts do not spread to other body parts.
Causes
The exact origin of ganglion cysts remains uncertain, but they often develop following an injury or excessive stress on the foot.
Symptoms
Ganglion cysts typically present as lumps beneath the skin and can grow larger than one inch in diameter. They may appear and disappear spontaneously.
While many ganglion cysts are painless, they can lead to sensations of tingling, burning, numbness, aching, or pain, especially if they are located near a nerve. The cyst may also obstruct shoe wear or walking comfortably.
Diagnosis
If you suspect a ganglion cyst, it's advisable to consult a doctor, although it is not considered a medical emergency. Diagnosis involves reviewing your medical history, discussing symptoms, and performing a physical examination.
In some cases, doctors may perform needle aspiration to confirm the diagnosis. This straightforward procedure numbs the area and uses a syringe to extract fluid from the cyst. The collected fluid is then analyzed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.
Imaging tests, such as ultrasound or MRI, may also be utilized to gather additional information about the cyst and its surroundings. These tests help determine whether a growth is fluid-filled or solid and can identify if a blood vessel is involved.
Treatment
Many ganglion cysts may resolve without intervention. If the cyst does not cause discomfort or interfere with walking, your doctor may choose to monitor it. It is advisable to wear shoes that do not irritate the cyst, and using shoe pads can help alleviate pressure.
Needle aspiration can also serve as a treatment option. After fluid extraction, steroid medication may be injected into the area. Although needle aspiration is often effective, some individuals may require multiple treatments.
Surgery
Surgical intervention is suggested if the ganglion cyst is painful, causes numbness or tingling, or obstructs mobility. The procedure is typically performed on an outpatient basis after numbing the area, allowing for the cyst's removal.
Recovery
Recovery time post-surgery varies among individuals and depends on the cyst's size and the complexity of the procedure. Your doctor will provide guidance on what to expect during recovery. Some patients may need physical therapy to aid in foot mobility and strength. While most cysts do not recur, a small percentage may return after needle aspiration or surgery.
