Arthritis

Bones are the hardest tissues in the body, providing structural support and forming joints. Many bones are covered with cartilage, which creates a smooth surface for bones to glide on during movement. The joint is lined with a membrane called the synovium, which secretes synovial fluid. This fluid cushions and lubricates the joints, reducing friction between bones and preventing wear and tear.

Ligaments, which are strong tissues, connect bones and provide joint stability. These ligaments are also lined with synovium, allowing them to move smoothly during motion. Tendons attach muscles to bones, enabling joint movement. Together, these structures allow for smooth and powerful joint movements.

There are over 100 types of arthritis, and it can develop due to several factors, including aging, wear and tear, autoimmune diseases, trauma, or inflammatory conditions. Although arthritis primarily affects bones and joints, it can also impact muscles, ligaments, tendons, and even internal organs. The two most common types of arthritis are Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Osteoarthritis affects around 21 million Americans, causing cartilage to wear down and leading to painful bone-on-bone contact. This may result in the growth of abnormal bone structures, called spurs, that can increase pain and disrupt movement. While any joint can be affected, weight-bearing joints like the spine, hips, and knees are particularly vulnerable. Osteoarthritis often occurs with age but can also develop from injury or overuse.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes painful inflammation of the synovium, leading to joint swelling and damage. This condition can affect multiple joints, especially in the hands, feet, knees, hips, and elbows, as well as surrounding tissues. It often impacts women and those over the age of 30.

Inflammation is the primary symptom of arthritis. It causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints, which may persist even during rest. The affected joints may feel weak or unstable, and mobility can be limited, making daily tasks such as walking or climbing stairs challenging.

A healthcare provider can diagnose arthritis through a physical examination, assessing your symptoms, muscle strength, joint motion, and stability. Blood tests and other laboratory tests may help identify the specific type of arthritis. Imaging tests like X-rays can reveal the condition of bones and joints, while an MRI can provide detailed images of soft tissues like ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. A bone scan might also be used to detect early signs of joint degeneration.

Most arthritis cases can be managed with non-surgical methods. Resting the affected joints and using pain relievers may provide temporary relief. Over-the-counter or prescription medications can reduce pain and swelling, and cortisone injections may be recommended if symptoms persist.

Viscosupplementation, a series of injections, is another treatment option for arthritis in the knee. This FDA-approved treatment helps improve joint function and reduce pain. Occupational or physical therapy can also help by strengthening the muscles around the joint, offering stability and reducing discomfort. Therapies such as aquatic exercises, heat and ice applications, and assistive devices like splints or canes can also be beneficial.

Acupuncture, administered by a trained professional, may help block pain pathways, offering relief. Nutritional supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin are commonly used to improve joint health, particularly in the knees. Additionally, a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables with limited fats can alleviate arthritis symptoms. Exercises such as yoga, Pilates, and tai chi can reduce pain and improve joint flexibility while promoting relaxation.

Arthritis is a progressive condition, and when non-surgical treatments no longer provide relief, surgery may become necessary. The type of surgery depends on the type of arthritis, the severity of the condition, and the patient’s overall health. Surgical options include synovectomy (removal of the joint lining), osteotomy (realigning bones), or joint fusion (fusing bones to prevent movement and relieve pain).

For advanced arthritis, joint replacement surgery may be performed. In this procedure, the damaged joint is replaced with an artificial one made of metal, plastic, ceramic, or a combination of these materials. Joint replacement can offer significant pain relief and improve mobility.

The recovery process after arthritis surgery varies based on the type of procedure and the extent of the condition. Traditional open surgeries can take several months to heal, while minimally invasive or arthroscopic surgeries may require a shorter recovery period of a few weeks to a few months. Rehabilitation is usually recommended to help restore joint function and strength following surgery.